1. Chlorophyll
   Verde
2. Formaldehyde
   Alcohol

Plants use chlorophyll to trap light needed for photosynthesis. Recent research has studied the potential therapeutic effects of a semi-synthetic type of chlorophyll on cancer and obesity.

1. Circulatory
   Digestive
2. Endocrine
   Immune

The immune system must protect the body from harmful agents called pathogens, and also be able to tell the difference between pathogens and healthy tissues. Autoimmune disorders, like type I diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, occur when the immune system become hyperactive and begins to attack normal tissue.

1. liver
   stomach
2. kidney
   small intestine

The stomach secretes some enzymes to facilitate the chemical digestion of food, and uses its musculature to churn up the food.

1. cartilage
   ligament
2. muscle
   tendon

Often confused, ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that stabilize joints by attaching bone to bone, and tendons connect muscle to bone.

1. Ears
   Gills
2. Nose
   Heart

A fish takes water into its mouth and forces it out through the gills where the dissolved oxygen moves into the blood and can get to the other cells of the fish.

1. arteries
   capillaries
2. podocytes
   veins

The aorta is the main artery of the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. In humans it arches over the heart from the left ventricle and continues down just in front of the backbone.

1. positive phototropism
   negative phototropism
2. thirst
   anger

Positive phototropism is the directional movement of an organism towards the light.

1. embryo
   baby
2. blastula
   zygote

After fertilization, the zygote will divide and further develop into a morula, then a blastula, then a gastrula!

1. cytoplasm
   mitochondria
2. nucleus
   vacuoles

The nucleus of a human cell contains three parts: the nuclear envelope, the nucleolus and the chromosomes.

1. Lipids
   DNA
2. RNA
   DNA and RNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids that contain instructions for all the activities of the cell.

1. Type O only
   Type A only
2. Type B only
   Type A and O

A person with Type A blood can receive blood only from a person with type A or type O blood because it only has the antigens for type A, and type O does not express any antigens. Type O is often called the "universal donor".

1. A human hand, a whale fin, and a bat's wing
   A human leg, a catfish spine, and a raccoon nose
2. A cow leg, a snake's spine, and a frog's skull
   A human ear, a cat's mouth, and a dog's leg

These homologous structures are commonalities that look different but share a similar bone structure.

1. Kleenex
   Brain
2. Liver
   Muscle

Sarcomeres occur as repeating units and are the segments of a myofibril (muscle fiber) in the contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

1. a nucleus
   organelles
2. cell membrane
   all of the above

A virus does not have a cell structure and therefore needs a living host to survive. As a result, it makes its host sick, and results an immune response.

1. anthers
   liver
2. filament
   stigma

The filament and anther are considered 'male' parts of the flower, while the stigma, style, and ovary make up the 'female' parts of the flower.

1. Apples
   Geraniums
2. Peas
   Willows

Mendel studied the characteristics of pea plants and coined the terms “recessive” and “dominant” to describe certain traits. Using the pea plants, he demonstrated that green peas are recessive and yellow peas are dominant.

1. yellow and orange
   purple and blue
2. red and green
   black and white

It is estimated that 8% of males in the United States are colorblind.

1. 0%
   12.5%
2. 50%
   100%

A Punnett square analysis shows that the recessive gene from the mother could: 1) combine with the father's Y chromosome, resulting in a colorblind son; 2) combine with the fathers X chromosome containing a colorblind gene, resulting in a colorblind daughter. The other possibilities are a son or daughter who is not colorblind.

1. circle
   crescent
2. oval
   square

Sickle-cell anemia is a condition in which there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry enough oxygen throughout your body. The crescent-shaped red blood cells can stick together and get stuck in small blood vessels which can lead to high blood pressure, organ damage, or even stroke.

1. Cytokinesis
   Meiosis
2. Mitosis
   Mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis. It produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

1. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd base
   breakfast, lunch, and dinner
2. prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
   fetus, embryo, infant, puberty, adult

Mitosis is a method of cell division in which chromosomes divide into two identical sets of chromosomes, and producing identical copies of the original cell.

1. All the organelles
   The chromosomes
2. The cytoplasm
   The mitochondria

Meiosis is the process in which the chromosomes are copied, paired up and separated to create eggs or sperm which are important for reproduction.

1. Arachnid
   Coelenterates
2. Insects
   Roundworms

Not all arachnids are spiders though! There are eleven orders of arachnids including scorpions, mites and ticks, and spiders, among others!

1. Axon
   Brain stem
2. Hose
   Motor

A long fiber extending from a neuron (nerve cell) is almost like a fiber-optic cable that carries messages in the form of electrical impulses to target cells, such as muscles.

1. Kidney
   Liver
2. Stomach
   Thyroid

The thyroid is located near the neck, and consists of two lobes, resulting in a butterfly-like shape.

1. Nothing
   Increases the magnification
2. Decreases the magnification
   Makes it greasy

Most microscope objectives in the magnification range between 60x and 100x (and higher) are designed to use with immersion oil. It increases the optical resolving power of the microscope, and gives you a sharp image with higher resolution!

1. Cottage cheese
   Motor oil
2. Sauerkraut
   Yogurt

These special bacteria are able to digest lactose in milk for energy, and excrete lactic acid, lowering the pH. Lactic acid-producing bacteria also help to ferment soy sauce!

1. Nitrogen
   Hydrogen
2. Water
   Oxygen

Anaerobic bacteria can be found living deep underwater, deep in the body, or deep underground. They are most commonly found in the intestine and can play a role in appendicitis and diverticulitis.

1. Exocytosis
   Fermentation
2. Phagocytosis
   Osmosis

Osmosis involves the movement of water or other liquids from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution until both solutions are of the same concentration = equilibrium.

1. Charlie Sheen
   Charles Darwin
2. Prince Charles
   Charles Manson

This book by Charles Darwin discussed for the first time, the scientific theory that populations evolve through a process of natural selection - the "survival of the fittest".

1. Theory
   Hypothesis
2. Placebo
   Scientific Method

The scientific method has characterized natural science since the 1600s. The steps of the scientific method include making observations, asking questions, construct a hypothesis, perform experiments, analyze the results, and form a conclusion.

1. Penicillin
   Erythromycin
2. Doxycycline
   Ciproflaxin

Antibiotics are able to fight infections caused by bacteria but not viruses.

1. An organism that can make its own food
   An organism that eats animals
2. An organism that eats plants
   An organism that eats automobiles

Autotrophs, including plants, can produce their own food for energy whereas heterotrophs rely on other parts of the food chain to get protein and energy. The origin of the word autotroph is from the Greek autos = "self", and trophe = "nutrition".

1. Kingdom
   Genus
2. Phylum
   Species

From the largest group to the smallest, the descriptions are as follows: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. There are five kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protoctists

1. nucleus
   lysosome
2. mitochondria
   golgi apparatus

Mitochondria produce ATP and are responsible for creating a concentration across its membranes during cellular respiration. A single liver cell can contain up to 2000 mitochondria!